Review of Design Component

1. Define cartography.
2. How is thematic cartography different from general purpose cartography?
3. What are some advantages to using a computer to make a map (in contrast to manual means)? Are there any disadvantages?
4. What are the essential characteristics of each level of measurement: nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio? In each case, what operations will yield meaningful results? What else do you need to know about an attribute scale?
5. Why are theme, space and time important when making a map? Give an example of their relationship to a thematic map.
6. What primary graphic elements are best used for quantitative (ordinal, interval and ratio) data? Why?
7. Why are figure-ground, legibility and visual contrast important as graphic components in map design?
8. Discuss how the graphic controls [ purpose, audience, technical limits and format size ] constrain map design.
9. What is the best primary graphic element to use for symbols on a choropleth map? Why? What primary graphic element is manipulated for symbols on a graduated circle map? Compare and contrast the two types of map.
10. Why do we classify data for (choropleth) mapping purposes?
11. Discuss the relationship between grouping locational data (aggregation) and grouping thematic data (classification) as it applies to thematic mapping.
12. What are the three dimensions of color? Define each.
13. Which of the three dimensions of color is best for showing differences of nominal data? Which of the three dimensions of color is best for showing differences of ordinal data?
14. How would you symbolize nominal differences of "place" on a small scale map?

15. How does projection choice relate to thematic map purpose? What properties are important for thematic map designers, and how many can be preserved at once?
16. What is the role of a 'developable surface' in a map projection? Does the choices of developable surface determine the properties that are preserved?
17. How can you tell which developable surface has been used ofr a given map?

18. What is Tissot's indicatrix? What information does it provide?

19. What is the difference between a contiguous and a noncontiguous cartogram. What primary graphic elements are manipulated in each?
20. How did photo color processing methods foreshadow the way computers handle color for maps?


Core Concepts for first half of course

 

Scale, Selection, Classification,
Simplification, Symbolization,
Exaggeration

 

  • Components of map information
  • space, theme, time
  • "fixed", controled, measured
  •  


  • Geographic data

  • Space:
  • Data collection zones (enumeration zones)
    • Aggregation of data by zone
  • Attributes:
  • Levels of measurement
  • Nominal
  • Ordinal
  • Interval
  • Ratio
  • (and more!)
    • Direct (raw) measurements
  • Derived values
  • Data classification methods


    Design vocabulary

    Primary graphic elements

  • Hue
  • Value
  • Saturation
  • Size
  • Shape
  • Spacing
  • Orientation
  • [Location]
  • Graphic components

  • Clarity and legibility
  • Visual contrast
  • Visual balance
  • Figure - Ground
  • Hierarchy
  • Graphic controls

  • Objective
  • Technical limits
  • Reality
  • Scale
  • Audience

  • Map Types

    Dot map

    Point symbol

    Choropleth map

    Graduated (proportional) point symbol

  • Scaling of symbols (continuous or range-graded)
  • Symbol overload

  • Spatial Reference Systems

    Coordinate system

  • Cartesian system (X, Y)
  • Spherical system
  • Latitude
  • Longitude
  • Geodesy and properties of spherical geometry

  • Geoid
  • Ellipsoid; Spheroid
  • ratio of flattening: 1 part in 298 (approx.)
  • Area, angles (local measures)
  • Great Circles
  • Loxodrome (Rhumb line)
  • · Map projection

    Projection surfaces

    Planar projections
    Cylindrical projections
    Conic projections

    How to tell which projection was used...

    Distortion introduced by projection
    Classes of Projections:


    Interrupted projections

    Tissot's Indicatrix


    Cartographic production & reproduction

  • Manual / manuscript
  • Printing
  • Raised relief
  • Engraving
  • Lithography
  • Photo-mechanical
  • Color separation; Color separates & "layers"

  • Version of 30 April 2003