Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
Reference Systems
Primitives for Representation
Primitives for Attributes
Primitives for Space: Coordinates
Representation Models and Data Structures
Vector model
Representing isolated objects
Representing topological objects
Raster model
Conversion of Existing Documents (Digitizing)
Vector tracing
Raster scanners
Transforming Digitizer Measurements into Coordinates
Registration on device
Transformations from document to projection
Reference to geodetic surveys
Data Quality: closing the loop
Verification and Quality Control
After Digitizing
Generalization and scale-changing
Attaching attributes by geocoding
Temporal updates and changes
Summary
Manipulating Attributes
Reducing the information content
Group
Isolate
Classify
Scale
Increasing the information content
Rank
Evaluate
Rescale
Combining pairs of input values
Crosstabulate
Sum and Difference
Rate and Density
Proportion
Performing combinations
Interaction of Attribute and Spatial Components
Spatial Consequences of Aggregation and Isolation
Cartographic Generalization
Summary
Development of Map Overlay
The Overlay Operation
Registration: a Universal Requirement
Raster Implementations of Overlay
Vector Implementations of Overlay
Geometric intersection processing
Attribute handling using results of overlay
Comparisons of Performance and Capabilities
Overlay for Detecting Differences
Change Detection
Accuracy Testing
Interpreting Overlay Results
A Taxonomy of Overlay Combinations
Dominance Rules
Exclusionary screening
Exclusionary ranking
Highest bid/ Higest bidder
Contributory Rules
Voting tabulation
Weighted voting
Linear Combination
Weighting and rating
Non-linear combinations
Interaction rules
Integrated survey
Factor combination
Rules of combination
Summary of rules
Summary
Examples of distance specifications
Exclusionary zones around features: Buffers and setbacks
Beyond buffers and setbacks
Distance measurement
Distance relationships
Constructing buffers with vector data
Measuring distance in a raster
Comparison
Generalized Voronoi Diagrams
Data Quality Aspects of Distance Relationships
Summary
Surfaces
Topology of surfaces
Computing relationships on a surface
Slope from triangles
Slope from matrices
Neighborhood Operations: The Spatial Component
Neighborhood construction
Raster neighbors
Vector neighbors
Edge effects
Refinements of neighborhoods
Combining Neighborhood Attributes: A Taxonomy
Nominal attributes
Dominance rules
Contributory rules
Interaction rules
Operations based on ranking attributes
Continuous attributes
Aspatial treatment of continuous attributes in a neighborhood
Continuous attributes with horizontal measures
Data Quality Applications of Neighborhood Operations
Summary
Iterative Operations
Viewshed
Cost Accumulation
An example of cost surface construction: A water pipeline
Drainage operations
Network operations
Location-Allocation Problems: A Family of Problems with a
Common Approach
Tougher Problems
Statistical Modeling of Spatial Data
Prior Approaches to Transformations
Transformations for Surfaces
Interpolation
Interpolation from scattered points
Interpolation from isolines
Interpolation from a DEM
To and From Triangles
Network Information and Surfaces
Summary of Surface Transformations
A Taxonomy for Transformations
Transformation by Extraction (Case 0)
Transformations based on Attribute Assumptions (Case 1A)
Classification of remotely sensed imagery
Transformations based on Geometric Processing Only (Case 1N)
Complete transformations (Case 2)
Areal interpolation
Examples of Transformations
Dasymetric Mapping of Population Density
Wetland Regulation and Wasteland Assessment in Westport, Wisconsin
(Area Cross-tabulation)
Forest Mapping for the United States (Resampling and Conversion
of Imagery)
Summary of Transformations
Technical Evaluation
Data Quality Assessment
Measurement frameworks and accuracy
Strategy for testing
Allocation of Resources
Computer Resources
Financial Resources
Human Resources
Implementing a GIS
Needs assessment
Requirements analysis
Database design
Approaches to geographic measurement
Bidding process
Construction
Serving Larger Goals
Technological Change in Historical Context
Geography of Geographic Information
Geographic Information in the Bureaucracy
Institutional continuity
Institutional definitions of time and history
Cooperation and coordination
Information in its Social Context
Equity
Access to Information
Balancing competing concerns
Information and Culture
Culture: Continuity and Change
The Practice of GIS
Summary
Bibliography
Sources and Credits
Index
Glossary (online, not in book)
Version of December 1996, as printed in first printing